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Relative
Pronouns
Relative clauses begin with relative
pronouns - words that correspond to who, whom, that
and which in English. These may be omitted
in English, but must be included in German. A
comma always precedes the relative pronoun, which
is put into the correct gender depending on the
noun it refers to, and the correct case depending
on its function in the clause. (In the following
example, the relative pronoun is in the masculine
accusative case because Mantel is masculine, and
is a direct object of the verb "to buy", therefore,
it is accusative.) The conjugated verb goes
to the end of the sentence as well.
That's the coat (that) I bought
yesterday.
Das is der Mantel, den ich gestern gekauft
habe.
Relative pronouns have the same gender and number
as the nouns they refer to, and the forms closely
resemble those of the definite articles:
|
Masc. |
Fem. |
Neu. |
Plural |
| Nom. |
der |
die |
das |
die |
| Acc. |
den |
die |
das |
die |
| Dat. |
dem |
der |
dem |
denen |
| Gen. |
dessen |
deren |
dessen |
deren |
Examples
| Nominative |
Der Fluss, der durch Wien fliesst,
heißt Donau. |
| The river, that through Vienna flows,
is called the Danube. |
| The river that flows through Vienna is
called the Danube. |
|
|
| Accusative |
Der Hund, den ich letzte Woche gesehen
habe, war Julias. |
| The dog, that I last week seen have,
was Julia's. |
| The dog that I saw last week was Julia's. |
|
|
| Dative |
Mein Vater ist der einzige Mensch,
dem ich nichts davon erzählt habe. |
| My father is the only person, to whom
I nothing about it told have. |
| My father is the only person (to) whom
I have told nothing about it. |
When a relative pronoun follows a preposition,
the preposition determines the case, while the gender
and number are determined by the noun. The
preposition and pronoun always stay together as
one unit as well.
Wer war die Frau, mit der ich dich
gesehen haben?
Who was the woman, with whom I you seen have?
Who was the woman (whom) I saw you with?
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