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Irregular
Past Participles
Like regular verbs, you use a form of
haben or sein and a past participle; but forming the
participles is much more complicated. The past
participles begin with ge- and end with -en
(with some exceptions). The new stems in between
must be memorized, for they are unpredictable and
many contain vowel and consonant changes.
Irregular Past Participles that use Haben
| beginnen |
begin |
begonnen |
| beschliessen |
decide |
beschlossen |
| bitten |
ask |
gebeten |
| brechen |
break |
gebrochen |
| empfehlen |
recommend |
empfohlen |
| essen |
eat |
gegessen |
| finden |
find |
gefunden |
| fressen |
eat (of animals) |
gefressen |
| frieren |
freeze |
gefroren |
| geben |
give |
gegeben |
| gewinnen |
win |
gewonnen |
| gießen |
pour, water |
gegossen |
| halten |
hold |
gehalten |
| heißen |
be called |
geheißen |
| helfen |
help |
geholfen |
| klingen |
sound |
geklungen |
| lassen |
let, allow |
gelassen |
| leiden |
suffer |
gelitten |
| lesen |
read |
gelesen |
| liegen |
recline |
gelegen |
| lügen |
lie |
gelogen |
| nehmen |
take |
genommen |
| reissen |
tear |
gerissen |
| riechen |
smell |
gerochen |
| rufen |
call |
gerufen |
| scheinen |
shine |
geschienen |
| schlafen |
sleep |
geschlafen |
| schließen |
shut |
geschlossen |
| schneiden |
cut |
geschnitten |
| schreiben |
write |
geschrieben |
| schreien |
cry |
geschrieen |
| schweigen |
be silent |
geschwiegen |
| schwingen |
swing |
geschwungen |
| sehen |
see |
gesehen |
| senden |
send |
gesandt |
| singen |
sing |
gesungen |
| sitzen |
sit |
gesessen |
| sprechen |
speak |
gesprochen |
| stehen |
stand |
gestanden |
| tragen |
wear |
getragen |
| treffen |
meet |
getroffen |
| trinken |
drink |
getrunken |
| tun |
do |
getan |
| vergessen |
forget |
vergessen |
| verlassen |
leave |
verlassen |
| verlieren |
lose |
verloren |
| verstehen |
understand |
verstanden |
| verzeihen |
forgive |
verziehen |
| waschen |
wash |
gewaschen |
| werfen |
throw |
geworfen |
| ziehen |
pull |
gezogen |
Some verbs change their stems, like all
irregular verbs; but take the endings for regular
verbs instead of irregular verbs. They form
their past participles like regular verbs. (Ge-stem-t)
| Infinitive |
Irregular Stem |
Past Participle |
| brennen-to burn |
brann- |
gebrannt |
| bringen-to bring |
brach- |
gebracht |
| denken-to think |
dach- |
gedacht |
| kennen-to know (people) |
kann- |
gekannt |
| nennen-to call, name |
nann- |
genannt |
| rennen-to run |
rann- |
gerannt |
| wenden-to turn |
wand- |
gewandt |
| wissen-to know (facts) |
wuß- |
gewußt |
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